某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

火电湿法烟气脱硫流程优化的实现方案研究

在给定脱硫流程模拟优化参数的情况下,尝试了基于DCS系统和基于OA局域网的两种优化控制改进方案,后一种方案解决了优化控制系统的安全性、稳定性、扩展性、易管理等问题。同时采用该控制系统的3号脱硫系统的控制效果最佳,且脱硫效率循环浆液泵功率比随着操作方式相近度的提高而呈递增趋势。     

城市突发环境事件的三维矩阵管理模式研究

针对我国环境事件频繁发生和应急管理法制建设缺位、体制不健全之间的矛盾,结合矩阵管理与应急管理理念,创建了基于事件分级、事件生命周期和事件运行管理为三维的矩阵管理模式,并以此模式分析结果为基础,提出城市应急管理能力建设的阶段性建议。     

基于ELM网络的污水处理COD值预报模型研究

通过对沈阳某污水处理厂的叶轮气浮法污水工艺进行研究分析,得知其过程具有多变量、非线性和时变等特性,这些特性对于处理后水质的COD值准确检测非常重要。COD值的在线检测设备通常有一定滞后,影响了现场对水质的控制和提高,为此采用ELM网络来建立COD值的预报模型,并通过MATLAB软件进行了仿真研究,仿真结果表明该模型具有较好的预报效果。     

Persistence and mobility of 2,4-D in unsaturated soil zone under winter wheat crop in sub-tropical region of India

The present study was undertaken to determine the persistence and mobility of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in unsaturated soil zone under real field conditions for the wheat crop in Roorkee, India. Three experimental plots were chosen in the agricultural field itself to represent the real field conditions in the study area and the potential movement and persistence of herbicide 2,4-D was investigated under three different irrigation treatments. The presence of herbicide along with soil water content was determined in soil at different depths at a temporal scale. The movement of the herbicide was also simulated numerically by solving the coupled soil water content movement and mass transport equations using HYDRUS-1D. The measured soil water content trends and the 2,4-D concentration profiles showed a good agreement with the numerically simulated results. The maximum effect of the herbicide was primarily retained up to 15 cm of the soil profile. The current existing dosage of 0.5 kg ha⁻¹ of pesticide was found to be safe to avoid soil contamination as no residue of 2,4-D was traced at the end of the wheat crop season in any of the plots. Higher concentrations of 2,4-D were also simulated numerically and the simulated results showed that the safe dosage of pesticide application would depend on irrigation treatments.     

Seismic fragility analysis of a coupled tank-piping system based on artificial ground motions and surrogate modeling

The catastrophic consequences of recent NaTech events triggered by earthquakes highlighted the inadequacy of standard approaches to seismic risk assessment of chemical process plants. To date, the risk assessment of such facilities mainly relies on historical data and focuses on uncoupled process components. As a consequence, the dynamic interaction between process equipment is neglected. In response to this gap, researchers started a progressive integration of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) risk assessment framework. However, a few limitations still prevent a systematic implementation of this framework to chemical process plants. The most significant are: (i) the computational cost of system-level simulations accounting for coupling between process equipment; (ii) the experimental cost for component-level model validation; (iii) a reduced number of hazard-consistent site-specific ground motion records for time history analyses.In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a recently developed uncertainty quantification-based framework to perform seismic fragility assessments of chemical process plants. The framework employs three key elements: (i) a stochastic ground-motion model to supplement scarcity of real records; (ii) surrogate modeling to reduce the computational cost of system-level simulations; (iii) a component-level model validation based on cost-effective hybrid simulation tests. In order to demonstrate the potential of the framework, two fragility functions are computed for a pipe elbow of a coupled tank-piping system.     

Simulation of the flow of an explosive atmosphere exposed to a hot surface

The accidental ignition of combustible atmospheres by hot surfaces is of great concern for chemical and process plant safety. In this paper, we present our research regarding the evolution of thermal plumes originating from hot hemispheres and discs. In particular, we focus on the effect of the orientation of the surface on the ignition process. The auto-ignition temperatures and ignition locations were studied experimentally. To get further insight, we conducted detailed numerical simulations and validated them with measurements. Three-dimensional simulations were performed on hot hemispheres and hot discs for different orientations ranging from 0° to 180°. The solver employs a transient, implicit scheme which is based on the coupled heat transfer and flow equations. The mesh in the vicinity of the hot surfaces is refined to resolve the steep temperature gradients and to capture the boundary layer separation. The influence of the orientation on critical hot spots in the gas mixture is analysed by examining the flow structures and the temperature evolution of the buoyancy-driven flow. Using the obtained results, we discuss the change of the onset and location of the ignition.     

上、下悬窗阻风能力对比研究

环境风会改变排烟窗附近的烟气流向和速度,影响建筑内烟气流动,进而导致建筑自然排烟效率受到影响。采用数值模拟方法,对比研究了排烟窗开启角度和环境风对上、下悬窗阻风能力的影响,分析了不同开窗角度下,悬窗进风量和进风区域随开窗角度和风速的变化规律。结果表明:上、下悬窗相对进风量与开窗角度均成指数关系,但上悬窗阻风能力弱于下悬窗,上悬窗开窗角度大于45°后即失去阻风能力,而下悬窗开窗角度大于75°后才逐渐失去阻风能力,且开窗角度小于30°时,下悬窗至少能比上悬窗多减少50%空气进入室内。上悬窗开窗角度小于56°时,主要进风区域为近窗下侧水平区域;下悬窗开窗角度小于30°时,主要进风区域为窗体两侧及远窗下侧竖直区域,随着开窗角度增大,上、下悬窗主要进风区域均过渡到远窗下侧竖直区域。窗体用于日常通风时建议优选上悬窗。若要用于排烟,则应首选下悬窗,开窗角度15°即可满足阻风要求,若选用上悬窗,开窗角度不宜大于45°。     

某储罐区火灾多米诺效应场景推演

化工园区中危险源众多,一旦发生事故很容易在整个园区内蔓延和发展。针对化工园区内储罐密集,容易引发连锁反应导致事故扩大的特点,利用FDS软件对储罐火灾场景进行数值模拟,根据储罐所受热辐射确定化工园区内储罐火灾最可能的事故发生序列,并引入基于设备失效前时间的机械设备故障概率模型对罐区内单个储罐的火灾风险进行研究,得到储罐区火灾多米诺效应的时空演变。以某储罐区火灾为例,对多米诺效应下的火灾场景进行推演,结果表明该方法可以准确地预测多米诺效应过程中储罐的火灾风险,为化工园区应急响应提供有效支持。     

新管幕法下穿铁路既有线施工地表沉降监测

为避免新管幕法下穿铁路既有线施工所导致的轨面不平、列车晃车等铁路运营事故,以太原市迎泽大街下穿火车站通道工程为施工背景,考虑火车站内强电磁干扰环境对传统电磁、电容式传感器的影响,选用合适的光纤光栅传感器对地表沉降进行监测,设计了监测方案并搭建了监测系统,获得了施工引起的地表沉降数据,并用数值模拟方法研究了土体沉降,获得了地表横向距离沉降规律,对比论证了该监测技术的正确性和有效性。监测和计算结果表明,新管幕法施工引起的地表沉降呈漏斗状,中间大两头小,监测断面的最大沉降值为21.2 mm,在施工安全范围内。